Cells of our organism work collectively to maintain balanced internal environment ( homeostasis) , protect the organism from foreign invaders ( immunity) , grow and develop our tissue and organs, and many other tasks.
To accomplish these complicated tasks cells need to communicate with each others , and they do that through what is known as intercellular signaling .
When intercellular signals are correct , so the status of the organism is healthy and physiologic . But when there are error signals , diseases such as autoimmune ( Lupus erythematosis for example) , metabolic ( diabetes mellitus) , and neoplastic diseases ( cancer ) will appear .
How do cells intersignal (communicate) :
Cells communicate with each others either directly ( through gap junctions for example ) or via chemical substances , produced by a cell and bind to receptors of other cells .
Receptors are molecules that usually found on the surface of the cell or inside it, they receive cellular signals through binding with a ligand and the result of this binding is ordering the cell to (do) something such as : allowing some molecules to get inside ( ions for example) or cell division , or producing cellular protein ...etc.
Receptors could be classified as surface receptors ( cell membrane ) , or cytoplasmic receptors, or nuclear receptors.
Ligands or signal molecules could be hormones , neurotransmitters , drug, toxins...etc.
After binding of ligand with the receptor they form what is known as ligand - receptor complex which will start a series of biochemical reaction inside the cell , either directly or through a second messenger system ( this system will be discussed in the lecture of neurotransmitters).
Types of intercellular signaling :
There are many types of intercellular signaling , depending on the function:
1- Intracrine : when signals are produced and function within the cell itself , steroid hormones are good example because they bind to intracellular receptors and produce signals.
2- Autocrine : when a given cell produces an releases a ligand the ligand after being released it would bind to a receptor on the cell membrane of the cell itself to cause a signal inside it.
3- Juxtacrine : When signaling occur through direct contact with the adjacent cells via the components of the cell membrane (
4- Paracrine : When emitting cells send signals to the vicinity ( such as signals done by neurotransmitters ) .
5- Endocrine : when the cell produce a signal that affect signal cells , usually via preipheral blood ( such as hormones)
To accomplish these complicated tasks cells need to communicate with each others , and they do that through what is known as intercellular signaling .
When intercellular signals are correct , so the status of the organism is healthy and physiologic . But when there are error signals , diseases such as autoimmune ( Lupus erythematosis for example) , metabolic ( diabetes mellitus) , and neoplastic diseases ( cancer ) will appear .
How do cells intersignal (communicate) :
Cells communicate with each others either directly ( through gap junctions for example ) or via chemical substances , produced by a cell and bind to receptors of other cells .
Receptors are molecules that usually found on the surface of the cell or inside it, they receive cellular signals through binding with a ligand and the result of this binding is ordering the cell to (do) something such as : allowing some molecules to get inside ( ions for example) or cell division , or producing cellular protein ...etc.
Receptors could be classified as surface receptors ( cell membrane ) , or cytoplasmic receptors, or nuclear receptors.
Ligands or signal molecules could be hormones , neurotransmitters , drug, toxins...etc.
After binding of ligand with the receptor they form what is known as ligand - receptor complex which will start a series of biochemical reaction inside the cell , either directly or through a second messenger system ( this system will be discussed in the lecture of neurotransmitters).
Types of intercellular signaling :
There are many types of intercellular signaling , depending on the function:
1- Intracrine : when signals are produced and function within the cell itself , steroid hormones are good example because they bind to intracellular receptors and produce signals.
2- Autocrine : when a given cell produces an releases a ligand the ligand after being released it would bind to a receptor on the cell membrane of the cell itself to cause a signal inside it.
3- Juxtacrine : When signaling occur through direct contact with the adjacent cells via the components of the cell membrane (
4- Paracrine : When emitting cells send signals to the vicinity ( such as signals done by neurotransmitters ) .
5- Endocrine : when the cell produce a signal that affect signal cells , usually via preipheral blood ( such as hormones)
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