E Algonquian Nanticoke Vocabulary, 1792, Brinton: Complete. With Bibliography.

E Algonquian Nanticoke Vocabulary, 1792, Brinton: Complete. With Bibliography.
Typed up with commentary
by Mr. Larry Rogers, 2009 BA Linguistics,
Michigan State University
Amateur Specialist in Writing Systems and Early Modern English
Made Thurs 8 2 2018.

Nanticoke Language :
"Second Thomas Jefferson Indian Language"
(The First being Conneticut or Quiripi, also E Algonq.)
Or "Maryland Indian Language"

Additions:
Added more words and commentary.  Added many images from the 1893 presentation, which is free online.  Fri 8 3 2018.
I finished adding the Nanticoke.  Next up: cognates in the list and cognates in the appendix.  No Nanticoke-order list. Sat 8 4 2018.
I finished the cognate lists in the back.
I added cognates through "bread". Sat 8 4 2018.
I added cognates up to "rattlesnake". Aug 8 7 2018
I finished adding all the cognates and such.
I really should go through one more time and double-check all of them in case I made any mistakes. Thurs Aug 8 9 2018.

Image: Because its vocabulary includes the rare Eastern Algonquian word "shark", I associate Nanticoke with sharks.  They lived originally in Delaware and Maryland in the USA.  Here's a shark made out of a watermelon.


### Table of Contents

## Introduction

## Words from Murray 1792-1996, "A Vocabulary of the Nanticoke Dialect"

## A Quick Bibliography of Nanticoke

## Raccoon in Nanticoke and other Algonquian languages




## Introduction

Nanticoke Language:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_language

Nanticoke within the Eastern Algonquian Language Family Tree.

Piscataway and Nanticoke seem to be separate languages, scientifically.

Nanticoke:
"This is shown in a few brief glossaries, which are all that survive of the language. One is a 146-word list compiled by Moravian missionary John Heckewelder in 1785, from his interview with a Nanticoke chief then living in Canada.[4] The other is a list of 300 words obtained in 1792 by William Vans Murray, then a US Representative (at the behest of Thomas Jefferson.) He compiled the list from a Nanticoke speaker in Dorchester County, Maryland, part of the historic homeland.[5]"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_language

Piscataway:
"The Jesuit evangelist Father Andrew White translated the Catholic Catechism into the Piscataway language in 1610, and other English teachers gathered Piscataway-dialect materials. The original copy is a five-page Catholic instruction written in an Eastern Algonquian dialect. It is the main surviving record of the dialect which is ventured to be Piscataway (additionally called Conoy). It is identified as such due to its attribution to Father White.[5] "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscataway_language

Hmm.  5 pages doesn't sound like much.  I've been doing a lot of Protestant catechisms for these languages and it would be nice to do a Catholic one for a change.  Mi'kmaq probably has one but I'm not into 1800s stuff.

Within such lists and family trees of languages, relation of one language with relation to other languages and branchings of the tree usually indicate scholarly consensus with regard to how languages relate to one another genetically.

"This vocabulary of over 300 Nanticoke words, as stated by Dr. Brinton, was recorded in 1792 at the Locust Neck Indian town which was within the present boundaries of Dochester County, Maryland.  It existed in manuscript form until 1893, when Brinton edited and published it in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society."

Gathered by Mr. William Vans Murray from Mrs. Mulberry in 1792.

- Murray 1792-1996, "A Vocabulary of the Nanticoke Dialect".




## Words from Murray 1792-1996, "A Vocabulary of the Nanticoke Dialect"


[[ The Nanticoke, English, and comparison words all seem to be from that 1893 printing.  Sadly, the spelling all may have been 1893-modernized.  I wonder if I can access the original.  It is possible there may have been mistakes, 1792 spellings can be tricky. ]]

[[ Images from the 1893 presentation of this list, from free online Google Books version:   Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophica . Pages 360-368.

I've included the entire article because it's not much longer than the list.  The list of words from related languages is not there and seems to be an addition of the 1996 presentation. ]]

[[ What are the language abbreviations used for the cognates (related words) given?

This is from before the list in the 1996 presentation:

CHIP = Chipeway [Ojibwe]
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language

H = Heckewelder's Nanticoke Vocabulary
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_language

LEN = Lenape "Len^ape/" (Delaware)
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_languages

NENG = New England Indians
(?)
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusett

NJ = New Jersey Delawares
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_languages

POT = Potomacs
(?)
(Eastern Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_language

SH = Shawnee
(Central Algonquian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee_language

I will try to list all the cognates so you can double-check easier.  Probably the introduction and 1893 presentation itself make clear where they got their words.

Here's the Algonquian language family from Wikipedia and online again.  As you can see in the list, Shawnee is next to Fox.  Nanticoke is next to Delaware.  Not all languages are shown on the language family tree.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_languages

[[ Let me give you some insight: Today or in the 1800s, all over the world, when a medical doctor publishes scholarship, it's a bad sign.  Outside of perhaps medicine, medical doctors are low-quality scholars, dillettanes with the money to publish their work but not the sense or heeded advice not to.  Modern computer programmers are similar but do better work.  Examples: Thomas Young of the Rosetta Stone.  There's a medical doctor who has published an edition of all the ancient Philippines inscriptions.  The SEAlang guy is a computer programmer genius retired to Bangkok who can't manage to get someone to give him sufficient training for his work to be very good.  Without training and or right reading, it's easy to waste your time in language science or the study of ancient languages.  Rich people or poor people who want to do a great thing for the world, ought to disregard the objections of people, and put their money into BA's and PhD's in language science.  Or face a life of miserable scholarly contribution.  I think anyone interested in working with ancient languages should have a BA in language science because when scholars write on these things without one, it's an unseen catastrophe.  A lot of scholars try to make up for their lack of this degree through other study and training.  They never succeed, there is perhaps no substitute.  What is more important than true understanding of language?  Certainly some things.

If the USA took Algonquian languages as seriously as it should, it would have had this covered by someone like today's Ives Goddard, a notable name in Algonquian Language Studies.    Who isn't even very well-treated.  Could not Trumbull have done this list instead?  Who is this Brinton that he is allowed to so dabble?   And I say this not just out of a sense of the high esteem in which Indians should be held, I say it because of the theoretical attributes of the languages and their reflection upon the whole of human prehistory.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton

His article links to this article, which says that scientific racism existed in the 1600s.  I don't think it did.  It proceeds to only list "Enlightenment Thinkers", which are 1700s people.  It's a bad sign in 2018 when an article like this doesn't receive sufficient attention.  From my understanding, the big move to genocide Indians came with Eugenics in the late 1800s, which is based foolishly on Dawinian Evolution.  The 1800s saw the majority label Indians as a race fated for extinction but moreso a threat to all of humanity by existence.  Part of this might be the age-old inclination of the rich to misunderstand and wish for the eradication of the poor, of whom it is jealous and unnecessarily fearful,  monstrous but occuring.  So do people sink to foul crimes, justified by foolishness and be-cloaked sloth.  Let us face the future as heros and not as villains, with patience and tolerance in reasonable measure.

But what do I know?  I'm not even much into this topic and it's probably a matter of squabbling over a few writings and laws and accounts from the era.  How do we know what the majority of people thought or did back in the 1600s, 1700s, or 1800s?  Records are not kept of all things and the leaders strive in vain to make all their subjects think like themselves.

So there you go, something about medical doctors as scholars and something about the "scientific racism" ideas which you'll encounter in writings from the past about Indians.  Yet be warned that it seems to me a lop-sided article which doesn't give proper attention to the ideas and actions of the 1600s and before.  Of which Williams 1643 "A Key" is a notable example.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism

  ]]

air \ AYEWASH
COMPARE WITH WIND, EWESH.
LEN GESCHEN.

arm \ NICKPITQ

arrowhead \ IK-KE-HEK
SEE SPEAR.

arrows \ ALLONTZ

ash \ PAW-KAWQUE
SH MEA-LAWKUO

autumn \ WEE-SAW-PANU
(=WEESWAPANU, little or short light)

axe \ TUMMEHEK
POT TOMAHACK
NJ TOMAHICKAN




back \ DADUCK-QUACK
NJ HUCKUN

back-creek \ POMAMATO

back-woods \ AH-PAYW-WAGH

bad \ MATTITT
LEN MEDHIK

banks \ LEMOACK-COI-UM

basket \ MUNNOLE
NENG MUNNOTE

bear \ WINQUIPIM

beard \ NEE-WEEGHTONIWAAH
LEN NI-TONEY (my heard)
NJ NITUUNA

beaver \ NATAQUE
NJ NAKUEE or TOMOQUE

bed \ DAPP-IN

beech \ PAH!-SCANEMINTZ
LEN SCHAUWEMINSHI red beech-tree

bees \ AAMOOK
LEN AMOE

belly \ NUT-AH!
LEN NACHTEY (my)

belt \ UCKQ-SHIT LAWK
LEN OCHQUASU (belt of wampum)

bend \ NE WAWK-KAW-QUIN-NIMON
CHIP NIN WAKINAN

berry \ MEE-EENTS
LEN MINTSCHI

bird \ PISS-SEEQUES
 \ 
CHIP BINESSI

bitter \ WEE-SUCK-UN

black \ OASKAG-U, 
USCHKEJU H
LEN SUCKEN

blackberry \ MUNCK-QUI-SUCK
LEN MIN "berry"
LEN SUCKEN "black"

blackbird \ HUSQUINOCK

blood \ PUCK-CUCHQUE
NJ MOHOOCK

blue \ PUH-SQUAI-LOAU
CREE SIPIKKWAW
NENG PESHAU\I

body \ NO-WAW-AUH
NJ UATUHAAPE

bone \ WHIS-SCAN
LEN WOCHGAN
NJ OKUAAN

bone-house \ MAN-TO-KUMP
(house to put the bones of the dead into) [ charnel house, tomb ] \
Probably "sacred place" from LEN MANITO "god, sacred". 

bow \ KULLAH!OW

boy \ WAHOCKI-A-WAUNTIT
NJ PENAETIT

brave \ MATT-WHEE-SAW-SO 
(= NOT COWARDLY)




bread \ APP!OW
LEN N'DAPPONHE "I make bread."
NJ APOON

break \ NE POICK-SHITT-OWN
LEN POQUIHILLEN "it is broken"
NENG POKESHATTOUWIN

breast \ NOO-NAQUE (i.e. the mamma)
LEN NUNAGAN (my)

broad \ MANCKAPAH-SAI-U
LEN AMANGI "large"

brother \ NE-EE-MAT
LEN NI'MAT (my brother)

buck \ I-E-APE
LEN AJAPEN

butterfly \ AUMAUN-CO-HUNT
NJ AMOOKAS

buzzard, turkey- \ MOH WAAS

cat, wild \ LAA!WAA!QUEPUSS
NENG PUSSOW

cedar \ WEENSQUAAQUAH

channel \ AN-DA-TIMP
 \ 

chestnut tree \ EH! QUA-MINTZ

child \ AWAUNTET
LEN W'UNIT (his)

chin \ UNT-TAMPQUET
CHIP O'DAMIKAN (his)

cloud  \ MATCHKATQUOT, ICHEMACKQH H
LEN MACHTAQUOLL
NJ KUMHAAK

cold \ TAGH!QUIOW
LEN T'HEU
NJ TAA

cowardly \ WEE-SAW.SO-AK 
(SEE BRAVE)

crab  \ TAH!QUAH
LEN SCHA/HAMUIS

crane \ AH!SECQUE

creek \ PAMPTUCKQUASKQUE 
(SEE RIVER)
back-creek \ POMAMATO

crow \ KUH!-HOS

to cry \ NUM-MOAM
LEN GANSCHALAMUIM

to dance \ ZDOCUMB

darkness \ SAMP-OO-SOMOW
(radical PO_S)
LEN PIS-GEU "it is dark"

daughter \ HUN TAWN
LEN W'TA\N (his)
NJ DAAN-US

day \ NUCOTUCQUON 
KISUCKU H
LEN GISCHGU

day-break \ WAWPANEY
KEESEQUO H
LEN GISCH-APAN

the place for the dead (the place where the dead are deposited) \ MUTZ-UCK-ZUMPQ




[[ Note: In the 1893 version, day through daughter are out of alphabetical order. ]]

death \ UNGUE-LACK, 
EWEESHAWAAK ANGEL H
LEN EHA/NGELU"KGI^K "they are dead"
NJ NONGIIL

deep \ TIMMOH
CHIP DIMI

deer \ ATTQUE, 
YOUCAT (FOUR LEGS)
LEN ACHTU/
NJ AATU

devil \ MATT-ANN-TOTE
LEN MACHTANDO

dew \ QUESUPPOST
NJ SUSSUUSKUI
 \ 

distance \ WAH!SOW ET

doe \ NOOSE-AT-Q
LEN NUNSCH-ETTO

dog \ AL!UM, H
LEN ALLUM

dogwood \ AH!LAAWHUNNIMINTS
LEN HATTAWANO-MINSCHI

dove \ WEETAH-TOMPS
SH PO-WEATHA

to drink \ MINNIH
LEN MENE

dry \ KOW-KITT-OW-A

duck \ QUAH!QUAMPS (IMITATIVE?)
NJ QUING-QUINQ
 \ 

eagle \ AH!WHAP-PAWN-TOP

ear \ NUCH-TOW-HUCK (MY)
LEN W'ITTUWAK (his)
NJ NITUUK

earth \ AHKEE
LEN HACKI
NJ HAAKKE

to eat \ MEETSEE
LEN MIZU "he eats"
NJ MIITSCHE

eel \ PALL!IN

egg \ WAAWHQ (with a whiff)
LEN WAHHWALL pl.

8 \ TZAH

18 \ AHTZ-WAH

80 \ TZAW-E POOSQUAH

11 \ AH!TZICKQUIT

evening \ WEAKU
LEN WULAKU

eye \ NUCKS-SKENCEQU_AH (MY)
LEN W'USCHGINQUALL "his eyes"
NJ UIISKINGUL

face \ ASSUNG-GUI
LEN W'USCHGINK "his face"
(COMPARE "EYE")
NJ UIISKING

to fall \ AH-KINNITSISH
LEN MESCHIECHIN

falsehood \ E-KITT-CO

far \ WACHSHUIT
CHIP WASSA
 \ 

fat \ PIM
LEN POMI



father \ NOWOZE (MY)
LEN N'OCH 
NJ NUKUAA

fear \ QUISCHA-ASCH, H
LEN WISCHASI

15 \ AHTZUP-PAY-AH

50 \ NUPPAY-E POOSQUAH

finger \ NA-MISHAH!QU-ULGAMZ

fingernails \ NUCK-CAN SUMP
LEN NI"CHGASCH

fire \ TUNT
LEN TINDEY
NJ TAANDE

fish \ WAMMASS
LEN NAMEES

5 \ NUP-PAI-A

500 \ NUPPAIA TASHOKISSANA

a fly \ POOTZAH
LEN UTSCHE
NJ SA-KIIME

fog \ HOWEWEN, 
AUWAN H
LEN AWAN
NJ AUAN

food \ METTSAH (compare “to eat”)
(COMPARE "TO EAT")

foolish \ CUIP-SHEE-IN QUO
LEN GUBTOCHA
NJ KIPITSCHEOOTE

foot \ NIST (MY)
LEN UCHSIT

4 \ YAGUH

400 \ YOU-WAH!KISSANA

14 \ AHTZ-YOUGH

40 \ YOW-POOKAY

fox \ WAAKS
LEN WOACUS

frog \ CLACQU-ISS
CREE AYEKIS

frost \ TOGH!POH!
LEN TOPAN

NJ TUUPAN
NENG TAQUATTIN

girl \ PUKQUAH
LEN OCHQUETSCH

god \ MANN!-ITT
LEN MANITTO

good \ WEE-EE, 
WATTI-E-U
LEN WULIT
 \ 

wild goose \ QUA\-HA^W-QUUNT

grass \ MASS-QUE-QUISE
LEN MASGIK
NJ MUSKIIKUL

grave \ WAWSKOWKO
LEN POKAWEN "a hole"

green \ AH!SKAAH-TUCK-QUI-A
LEN ASKEN

gum \ POOK-SACQ-IN-MENT

guts \ WALAH-KISS-SICK

hail \ AH!SINLIPWO, (ASSIN stone)
NJ SIDONIILA

hard \ NEE-EESQUAT
CHIP MASHKAWISSIN "it is hard"

hare \ NUT-UNTZ

to hate \ MAIS-KAI-U

hawk \ TIMIHAWQUE

head \ NE MAN-NIN-NOW
LEN W'IL "his head"
NJ WHEEL

to hear \ NO-OAN-TUM
NJ NI-IN-DAM

heart \ WEA!SCHEU, H (his)
LEN W'DEE

heat \ NIP(OW)KISS
from ALG NIBIN SUMMER

hickory tree \ PSEE-CUN

high \ WHA-SA-NEEP-AI-U, SCHPUMMEND H
CHIP ISCHPAMAGAD "it is high"

hill \ LEMUCKQUICKSE
LEN WELEMUCKQUECK

hot \ APP ET-TAAW!
CREE ABWEYAW

house \ YOUCK-HUCK, 
IAHACH H
LEN WIK
POT YE HAWKINS

100, "hundred" \ WEEMBA KISSANA

husband \ NUPS-SOH!SOH! (MY)
 \ 

I \ NEE
LEN NI

ice \ HAH!LAGGU-QUUTZ
LEN M'HOCQUAMI
NJ HUKKOOEN

joy \ NE MOO YE-OW-WASS

jump \ NI-S POICKSH (I JUMP)
LEN NI-POAKTSCH

to kill \ NEPOICKT-TOW
Alg root NIPA

king \ TALL!AK
NJ QUALIS "master"
from LEN ALLOKAKASIN 
"to have power over another"
from LEN ALLOWAT strong

large \ MANG-AI-U
LEN AMANGI

to laugh \ WEI-AIH-E MITT-A-HA
LEN WEHEMOALUK "he laughs"

lean \ MOOSOW-WAK
CHIP ASOWA

leg \ MUCH-CAT

to lie down \ COW-SI-NEE

life \ NE QUEE-QUAAAWK
POT KEKUGH

light \ WASSAQUITAYW
LEN WACHE/JEU

lightning \ TON-QUE-AH

lip \ NUSSIHECQUE

lizard \ OH!-KAUSH-KISS
LEN GEGA/CHXU"S

locust-tree \ KLA-ONE-NAHQ



long \ QUAH!!NAH!!!QUT
LEN GUNA,
LEN QUOANAGEU

to love \ N!WUMMOI, 
QUAMMOSCH H
NENG COWAMMAUNSCH "I love you"

low \ TAH!QUAH!QUAH!-SU
LEN TACHPACHSU

maize \ CAWL-NA-WOOP
 \ 

man \ WOHACKI, 
NAAP H

maple tree \ WAW-SEE-KE-ME
LEN SCHIECHIKIMINSHI

marsh \ NAH!SQUUH!
LEN MASGE-KU-WIWI

mat \ YAWSKG

meat  \ PUMANTAH (hog's meat)

milk \ NOO-OO-NACK

mocking-bird \ AHMITTONQHA

mole \ ALVMOB-SCHKIM-NITZ 

month \ NUQUOLUC QUAQUOA

moon \ ATUPQUONIHANQUE
LEN TPOCUNIWI GISCHUCH (night sun)

morning \ WESCHPA H
from LEN GISCHGU "day"

mother \ NICQUE
CHIP NINGE
NJ ONNA

mountain \ POMAT-TINIKE, PEMETTENAICHK H
from Alg. root A^MAT "to mount up"

mouth \ HUNTOWEY, 
METTOON H
LEN W'TOON (his)

mud \ PISS-SUCQUA
LEN ASSISCU

mulberry tree \ WHIE-IN-GUAQUE
LEN MINT QUAQUI

nails (finger) \ NUCK-CAN SUMP
LEN NI"CHGASCH

narrow \ TSIPAIS-U

near \ PECHTSCHTSCHU H
LEN PECH-HUTCSCHI

neck \ NISSI-KIP-PUCHQH!
NENG STICHIPUCK

new \ WHUIS-KAI-U
NJ UIISKSU (young)



night \ TOOPQUOW, 
TUPPUCKU
LEN TPOKU
NJ TIPAAKE


9 \ PASS-CONQUE

19 \ AHTZ-PASSA, CONQUE

90 \ PASSACONQUE-E POOSQUAH
 \ 

no \ MATTAH!
LEN MATTA

nose \ NICK-KEE-U (MY)
LEN W'ICKIWON (his)
NJ UIKIIKO

oak \ WEE-SEEK-E-MINTZ
LEN WISACHGAK

old \ KUTT-A-NAI-U
CREE KETTEYA-TISU "he is old"

1 \ NUKQUIT

100 \ WEEMBA KISSANA

1000 \ MUTTAH-TASKA KISSANA

opossum \ NAH!SIMINI

owl \ QUO_O-WAANT
CHIP KOKO

oysters \ KAW-SHEH!

oyster shells \ TSEE-KO-MACK

partridge \ KITTYCAWNDIPQUA

peace \ E-WEE-NE-TU
CHIP INAWENDIWIN
NENG AQUE\NE

peas \ PEE WAH!SH-QUIST

perch \ KOSH-KIKE NESUC

persimmon tree \ LAW WACQ-SEE MINTS

pheasant \ UH!QUAS CAPITZ

pigeon \ NOT SIMINISUK

pine tree \ QUAAT
LEN CUWE

point of land \ ALLA-MAA-WAMPK

pole cat \ TZUCKQUAAKQ
NJ SKUAAK

pond \ NIPPISS 
(NIP water)

poplar tree \ WEE-SAA-QUACK

pretty \ WEE-E-EAT

queen \ TALLA!KESK
(SEE KING)
 \ 

raccoon \ ANASUP
LEN ESPANNI
NJ NAHANUUN

rain \ WINIEOW, 
SOKELAN H
LEN SOKELANGETSCH "when it rains"
NJ SUUKLAN

rainbow \ QUENUCK-QUENUCK
NJ MONUKOOEN

rattlesnake \ EEH!SEEKQ
CHIP JISHIGWE
NENG SESEK

raven \ UCKQUAK

red \ PSQUAI-U
NENG MSQU\I

red bird \ PISHQUISS EEPS



religion \ LAPP!-POI-O-WEES 
(Probably “a coming together.”)
from LEN LAPPI-LENIN

river \ PAMPTUCKQUAH', 
PEEMTUCK H
LEN KIKHIT-TUCK
CHIP PI^M "to flow"

rock \ KOSHCUP
CHIP KISCHCAB "a perpendicular rock"

run \ UN-TO-MHO-WAISH

salt \ TZEE-E-OOSE
LEN SI^KEY

sand \ LOH!-KI
LEN LE/KAU

sea \ MANK-NIPPINT, 
KITTAHEND H
NJ KIHITTUUN

to see \ NAA-M-M
LEN NEMEN
NJ NI-NAAMAN

7 \ MY-YAY-WAH

17 \ AHTZ MAYAWAY

70 \ MAY-AH-WA-E POOSQUAH

shallow \ TACQ-E-TIMPS-OH

shame \ KATT-AK-KATTS

shark \ WITT-AMEEK
LEN AMEEK "fish"

shoes \ MECKHISINS
POT MOCKASINS
C MASKISINS

shore \ SAUMPS-A-MU

sick \ HUNTOI-MISS
CHIP NIN NANIPINIO "I am sick"

 \ 
side \ POMEETEMPQUAT

to sing \ NUCK-UND-OH
LEN NACHGOHOMA^N

older sister \ NIMPZ
CHIP NIMISSE

younger sister \ NEIGHSUM
CHIP NISHIME

to sit \ QUI-AH-QUUP

6 \ NOQUTTAH, 
“NOQU^TTAH”

16 \ AHTZAQUUTAH

60 \ NEQUTTAH-E POOSQUAH

skin \ NOWAS-SIUM

skunk \ TZUCKQUAAKQ
NJ SKUAAK 

sky \ MOOSECAQUIT

to sleep \ N-UPP
CHIP NIPA

to sleep \ LAMAISU, 
NAMAHCHTSCHU H
CHIP NIPA

to smell \ NE QUEES-SUM-UN

smoke \ NIPONGUO_T-TAI, “NIPONGUO_T-TAI (I smoke)
CHIP NIN PASHKINAWE

to smoke a pipe \ P-SIMOI

snake \ ASH-QUOKE
LEN ACHGOOK

snakebite \ AH!SCKOK-KAS-SIPEKOKE



snakeroot \ PAH!SCHO-HOOK-QUICK
LEN BLE(U-HO\TI^K

snow \ GUOONO (QU_OONO), 
GU'NO H
LEN GUHN
NJ UIINA

soft \ PATT-AH-KI-U
LEN W'TA\CKU
NJ TAAKKE

son \ NUCKS-QUAH (MY)
LEN QUIS-SALL (HIS)

sorry \ DAH-QUA-A-NEE (I am sorry)

soul \ TSEE-E-P
LEN TSCHIPEY

sour \ TCHEE-EE-WUN
LEN SCHWON

to speak \ NE KITT-O-WAS
NJ GIKIITU

spear \ NE POIKEE-HEK 
(see “arrow-head”)

spring \ MOO-NIP-PQUE, 
“MO_O_-NIP-PQUE”

 \ 

the Spring \ SEE-QUI NO
LEN SIQUON
NJ SICK-QUIM

squirrel \ MOWCK-KEY
NJ HOUNEEK

flying squirrel \ AH!SAPPA-NEQUES

ground squirrel \ MUCH-QUISSAH

to stand \ DOGH-KINCH
LEN PCHSUCQUIN

star \ POOMOLASUQUE
POT PUMMAHUMP

a stone \ KAWSCUP
(SEE ROCK)

straight \ LEMAT-TAH'-QUOT

to strike \ NE PACK-COME
LEN POPACHGAN-DAMEN "to strike dead"

strong \ MISS-KI-U
CREE MASKA-WISIU

summer \ MASHAQUAPAU-U, MECHSCHAK WAPAN H 
(= the great or long light)

sun \ AH-QUAK, 
AQUEQUAAQUE, 
AEQUECHKKQ H
LEN GISCHUCH
NJ KIISKU

sweat \ NIP-OO-KISS

sweet \ WEE-ING-ON
LEN WINGAN

10 \ MILLAH!

that \ YOU-KAN-NAH
LEN NANNI

there \ ENNUK H

thick \ KEE-PUCK-AN
LEN CUBBACHCAN

thigh \ HUNTS-SUNQUE

thin \ AH-SHEE-PENZ-O
LEN W'SCHA\BBAN



13 \ AHTZ-WHUS

30 \ SU-POOKS-KAY

this \ YOU-KAN-NAH
LEN NANNI

thou \ KEE
LEN KI


 \ 

thousand \ MUTTAH-TASKA KISSANA

3 \ NIS (WHU)

300 \ NUISSWA KISSANA

thunder \ AWAH!-SHUCK
LEN PEDHAKQUON "it thunders"
NJ PATIHAAKUN
[[ Reminds me of "aw shucks". ]]

tobacco \ OH'PUCQUE
NENG PUCK

today, "to-day" \ EWAPAWGUP

toe \ NICKS-SEE-EQUANUMPS (my) 
(= my foot, IKS IT)

tomorrow \ ALLAPPAHWEE

tongue \ NEEANNOW-AH! (my)
LEN W'ILANO (HIS)

tooth \ NEEPUT-TUMPS (my)
LEN W'IPIT (HIS)
NJ UIPIITIL

tree \ PETUICQUE, 
PAUK H
CHIP PAK

truth \ KO-O-LAM
LEN LEKE "true"
LEN WULAM "true"

turkey \ PAH!QUUN
LEN BLOEU
NJ TSCHIKUUNA

turkey buzzard \ MOH WAAS

12 \ AHTZ-NAEEZ

20 \ NEE-ES-MITTAH

21 \ NEEQUA-NICHQUIT

2 \ NA-EEZ

200 \ NEESA KISSANA

ugly \ MATT-IT (=bad)

valley \ QUALLIQUAWKIMUCK, PECHSECHKAMIKAT H
LEN PACHSAJEEK

vine \ MALLAW COMINAMINTZ

viper \ APO-TASS-SEES-A

 \ 

walk \ N-GUTT-O-WAS

walnut tree \ AH!SIN-NI-MINTZ 
(from ASSIN stone)

war \ MATT-AH-KASS-ON
LEN MACHTA/GEEN

warrior \ MATT-AH-KI-WEEN 
(SEE WAR)

water \ NIP
LEN M'BI
NJ BEE
ALG NIPI

wet \ KISS-EP PAI-U
LEN NISKPEU

to whistle \ NE QUEEZKSO-UH-QUITT-UM
LEN NI QUISCHKTOONHEEN

white \ WAAP-PAY-U
LEN WOAPSU
NJ OPEEK

whore \ AMATTZ-E-NO

wife \ NEE-EESWAH! (lit. “my woman”)

wild cat \ LAA!WAA!QUEPUSS
NENG PUSSOW



wild goose \ QUA-HAW-QUUNT, 
“QUA\-HA_W-QUUNT

winding \ APAAS SUC-TUCQUT

winter \ POOPONU, 
ILUPPOON H
C PIPON
NENG POPON

wise \ WEE-SAUCE

woman \ ACHQUAHIQUE, 
AQUAHOAG H
LEN OCHQUEU

wood \ MEEH-SHIZ, 
MICHSEZ H
LEN MINSCHI
POT MUSSES

woods \ PAMP-TUCK-KOISK
LEN TE/KENE
SH TEIKOU

back-woods \ AH-PAYW-WAGH

year \ NUQUOLACUTQUOMAI 
(SEE MONTH)

yellow \ WEE-SA-WAY-U
LEN WISAWEU

yes \ A-A-MCH!

yesterday \ HOLACQUOW

you \ KEE ( = THOU)

young \ LAIMAISU 
(SEE SMALL)

 \ 

1 \ NUKQUIT
2 \ NA-EEZ
3 \ NIS (WHU)
4 \ YAGUH (WHY)
5 \ NUP-PAI-A
6 \ NOQUTTAH, NOQU_TTAH
7 \ MY-YAY-WAH
8 \ TZAH
9 \ PASSA-CONQUE
10 \ MILLAH!
11 \ AH!TZICKQUIT
12 \ AHTZ-NAEEZ
13 \ AHTZ-WHUS
14 \ AHTZ-YOUGH
15 \ AHTZUP-PAY-AH
16 \ AHTZAQUUTAH
17 \ AHTZ MAYAWAY
18 \ AHTZ-WAH
19 \ AHTZ-PASSA, CONQUE
20 \ NEE-ES-MITTAH
21 \ NEEQUA-NICHQUIT
30 \ SU-POOKS-KAY
40 \ YOW-POOKAY
50 \ NUPPAY-E POOSQUAH
60 \ NEQUTTAH-E POOSQUAH
70 \ MAY-AH-WA-E POOSQUAH
80 \ MAY-AH-WA-E POOSQUAH
90 \ TZAW-E POOSQUAH
100 \ PASSACONQUE-E POOSQUAH
200 \ WEEMBA KISSANA
300 \ NUISSWA KISSANA
400 \ YOU-WAH!KISSANA
500 \ NUPPAIA TASHAKISSANA
1000 \ MUTTAH-TASKA KISSANA





## List of Cognates given, from 1996 Presentation:

## Algonquin
[[ This is probably also Ojibwe.  Ojibwe was called Algonquin.  In some of the old literature and among many people today, all Algonquian languages were considered one Algonquian language of which each language was called a dialect.  This may be an archaic or alternate use of the words "language, dialect, and language family tree".  Yet I do not read in the old literature of Germanic languages or Romance languages being refered to as "dialects of German" or "dialects of Romance".  So there is a sense of lack of scientific inquiry and exactness about this which is notable.  Look at how poorly these 1500s-1700s Eastern Algonquian languages were documented.  No one cared and their myths or ideas were not held in enough esteem to be published, or even written down, at any length.  Mind you, in the 1600s, many fairy tales had yet to be put in print.  Print and writing were for other things.  And what record had been made of the Germanic peoples by Julius Caesar or Tacitus?  Not much.  And what record has been made of the Elamites by the Sumerians?  Or of the Puntians by the Egyptians?  Not much.  The printing press allows for printing books much faster but also the whole ancient world did not have the sort of population numbers which were later had.  And if records were made of these peoples, they might have been deemed non-essential at some point and not copied. ]]

to mount up \ AMAT
summer \ NIBIN
kill \ NIPA
water \ NIPI


## C*
* It is not clear from the text whether these are Chipeway [Ojibwe] or Cree.

shoes \ MASKISINS
winter \ PIPON

## Chipeway [[ Ojibwe ]]
[[ Maybe from Baraga? ]]

lean \ ASOWA
bird \ BINESSI
deep \ DIMI
peace \ INAWENDIWIN
it is high \ ISCHPAMAGAD
rattlesnake \ JISHIGWE
a perpendicular rock \ KISCHCAB
owl \ KOKO
it is hard \ MASHKAWISSIN
small \ MASKIG
older sister \ NIMISSE
mother \ NINGE
I am sick \ NIN NANIPINIO
smoke \ NIN PASHKINAWE
to bend \ NIN WAKINAN
to sleep \ NIPA
younger sister \ NISHIME
his chin \ O'DAMIKAN
tree \ PAK
to flow \ PIM, “PI^M”
muskrat \ WACHASHK

far \ WASSA


## Cree [[ Cree ]]

hot \ ABWEYAW
frog \ AYEKIS
he is old \ KETTEYATISU
strong \ MASKAWISIU
blue \ SIPIKKWAW
hair \ W'ESTAKAYA


## Lenape / Delaware

snake \ ACHGOOK
deer \ ACHTU, “ACHTU/”
crow \ AHAS
buck \ AJAPEN
to have power over another \ ALLOKAKASIN
strong \ ALLOWAT
dog \ ALLUM
arrows \ ALLUNS
large \ AMANGI
shark \ AMEEK
bees \ AMOE
green \ ASKEN
mud \ ASSISCU
fog \ AWAN
snakeroot \ BLEU-HOTIK, “BLE/U-HO\TI^K”
turkey \ BLOEU
thick \ CUBBACHCAN
pine tree \ CUWE
they are dead \ EHANGELUKGIK, “EHA/NGELU”GI^K”
raccoon \ ESPANNI
to cry \ GANSCHALAMUIM
lizard \ GEGA/CHXU”S
air \ GESCHEN
day-break \ GISCH-APAN
a day \ GISCHGU
sun \ GISCHUCH
foolish \ GUBTOCHA
snow \ GUHN
long \ GUNA
 \ 
earth \ HACKI
dog-wood \ HATTAWANO-MINSCHI
thou \ KI
river \ KIKHIT-TUCK
sand \ LE/KAU
TRUE \ LEKE
man \ LENNA^PE
war \ MACHTA/GEEN
devil \ MACHTANDO
cloud \ MACHTAQUOLL
god, sacred \ MANITO, also MANITTO
marsh \ MASGEKU-WIWI
grass \ MASGIK
no \ MATTA
water \ M'BI
bad \ MEDHIK
to drink \ MENE
to fall \ MESCHIECHI^N
ice \ M'HOCQUAMI
wood \ MINSCHI
mulberry tree \ MINT QUAQUI
berry \ MINTSCHI
he eats \ MIZU
sky \ MOSCHHAC
to sing \ NACHGOHOMA^N
my belly \ NACHTEY
 \ 
fish \ NAMEES
this, that \ NANNI
I make bread \ N'DAPPONHE
to see \ NEMEN
I \ NI
fingernails \ NI”CHGASCH
my brother \ NI'MAT
to jump \ NI-POAKTSCH
to whistle \ NI QUISCHKTOONHEEN
wet \ NISKPEU
my beard \ NI-TONEY
father \ N'OCH
my breast \ NUNAGAN
doe \ NUNSCH-ETTO
belt of wampum \ OCHQUASU
girl \ OCHQUETSCH
woman \ OCHQUEU
valley \ PACHSAJEEK
to stand \ PACHSUCQUIN
near \ PECHHUTSCHI
it thunders \ PEDHAKQUON
it is dark \ PIS-GEU
a hole \ POKAWEN
fat \ POMI
to strike dead \ POPACHGAN-DAMEN
it is broken \ POQUIHILLEN
 \ 
his son \ QUISSALL
long \ QUOANEGEU
crab \ SCHA/HAMUIS
red beech-tree \ SCHAUWEMINSHI
maple tree \ SCHIECHIKIMINSHI
sour \ SCHWON
salt \ SI^KEY
the Spring \ SIQUON
when it rains \ SOKELANGETSCH
black \ SUCKEN
low \ TACHPACHSU
woods \ TE/KENE
cold \ T'HEU
fire \ TINDEY
frost \ TOPAN
moon ("night sun") \ TPOCUNIWI GISCHUCH
night \ TPOKU
soul \ TSCHIPEY
foot \ UCHSIT
a fly \ UTSCHE
light \ WACHE/JEU
eggs \ WAHHWALL
heart \ W'DEE
he laughs \ WEHEMOALUK
hill \ WELEMUCKQUEEK
his leg \ W'ICKAAT
his nose \ W'ICKIWON
house \ WIK
his head \ W'IL
his tongue \ W'ILANO
sweet \ WIGAN
his tooth \ W'IPIT
oak \ WISACHGAK
yellow \ WISAWEU
fear \ WISCHASI
his ear \ W'ITTUWAK
arm \ W'NACHK
fox \ WOACUS
white \ WAPSU
bone \ WOCHGAN
thin \ W'SCHABAN
soft \ W'TA\CKU
his daughter \ W'TA\N
his mouth \ W'TOON
evening \ WULAKU
true. \ WULAM
good \ WULIT
his child \ W'UNIT
his face \ W'USCHGINK
his eyes \ W'USCHGINQUALL


## Nanticoke (Heckewelder)

sun \ AEQUECHKKQ
woman \ AQUAHOAG
fog \ AUWAN
there \ ENNUK
death \ EWEESHAWAAK ANGEL
snow \ GU'NO
house \ IAHACH
cloud \ ICHEMACKQH
winter \ ILUPPOON
day-break \ KEESEQUO
a day \ KISUCKU
sea \ KITTAHEND
the Summer \ MECHSCHAK WAPAN
mouth \ METTOON
wood \ MICHSEZ
man \ NAAP
small \ NAMAHCHTSCHU
tree \ PAUK
valley \ PECHSECHKAMIKAT
near \ PECHTSCHTSCHU
river \ PEEMTUCK
mountain \ PEMETTENAICHK
to love \ QUAMMOSCH
fear \ QUISCHA-ASCH
high \ SCHPUMMEND
rain \ SOKELANGETSCH
black \ USCHKEJU
his heart \ WEA!SCHEU

morning \ WESCHPA

## New England [[ 1643 Massachusett ]]

[[ I think these are all from William 1643 "A Key".  Which he says is mostly Narragansett Dialect of Indian Language [ modern "Massachusett Language"].  However, what scholarship I have seen says it's not clear entirely which dialect each word is.  It does and doesn't matter to me, so much, aside from know they're all probably Massachusett language words.  I'm actually somewhat baffled by people who care outside of the realm of theory, considering how small the corpora involved are.  But parochialism breeds weirdness and lack of perspective. ]]

peace \ AQUENE
I love you \ COWAMMAUNSCH
red \ MSQUI
basket \ MUNNOTE
blue \ PESHAUI
to break \ POKESHATTOUWIN
winter \ POPON
tobacco \ PUCK
wild-cat \ PUSSOW
rattlesnake \ SESEK
neck \ SICHIPUCK
frost \ TAQUATTIN


## New Jersey Delaware
deer \ AATU
butterfly \ AMOOKAS
bread \ APOON
fog \ AUAN
water \ BEE
daughter \ DAAN-US
to speak \ GIKIITU
earth \ HAAKKE
squirrel \ HOUNEEK
back \ HUCKUN
ice \ HUKKOOEN
sea \ KIHITTUUN
sun \ KIISKU
foolish \ KIPITSHEOOTE
cloud \ KUMHAAK
to eat \ MIITSHE
blood \ MOHOOCK
rainbow \ MONUKOOEN
sky \ MUSHEEK
grass \ MUSKIIKUL
hand \ NACKING
raccoon \ NAHANUUN
beaver \ NAKUEE
to hear \ NI-IN-DAM
to see \ NI-NAAMAN
ear \ NITUUK
my beard \ NITUUNA
death \ NONGIIL
father \ NUKUAA
bone \ OKUAAN
mother \ ONNA
white \ OPEEK
 \ 
thunder \ PATIHAAKUN
boy \ PANAETIT
master \ QUALIS
duck \ QUING-QUINQ
a fly \ SA-KIIME
the Spring \ SICK-QUIM
hail \ SIDONIILA
pole-cat \ SKUUAK
dew \ SUSSUUSKUI
rain \ SUUKLAN
cold \ TAA
soft \ TAAKKE
fire \ TAANDE
night \ TIPAAKE
axe \ TOMAHICKAN
beaver \ TOMOQUE
turkey \ TSCHIKUUNA
frost \ TUUPAN
body \ UATUHAAPE
snow \ UIINA
tooth \ UIPIITIL
face \ UIISKING
eye \ UIISKINGUL
young \ UIISKSU
nose \ UIKIIKO

head \ WHEEL


## Potomac [[ Powhatan? ]]

life \ KEKUGH
shoes \ MOCKASINS
wood \ MUSSES
star \ PUMMAHUMP
axe \ TOMAHACK
house \ YE HAWKINS

## Shawnee [[ a more obscure Central Algonquian language ]]

ash \ MEA-LAWKUO
dove \ PO-WEATHA
woods \ TEIKOU





[[ There are no other unique entries for this dictionary.  Usually in this series, more detail is given to the non-English order entries.  Despite the invention of computers.  Sadly. ]]

[[ Hey - Consider ye now, all the words that were typed this day by academics.  Could none of them type up this list and put it online for free for you?  But here, I have done it, here in 2018, some 20 years after the internet has become widespread.  And who holds me in esteem?  Few.

It has been done before, it turns out:
http://www.collinsfactor.com/choptank/vocabulary.htm
]]

## A Quick Bibliography of Nanticoke


"A Vocabulary of the Nanticoke Dialect", 1996, compiled by Murray, old time editor Brinton. American Language Reprints Series.


"Minor Vocabularies of Nanticoke-Conoy", by Thomas Jefferson et al., 2009. American Language Reprints Series.

I googled the word for "shark" and here is what I found:

1 - Website which typed up this list from the 1893 printing.

http://www.collinsfactor.com/choptank/vocabulary.htm

2 - Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 31; Volume 33, 1893. Pages 360-368.

https://books.google.com/books?id=YBc_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331&dq=WITT-AMEEK&source=bl&ots=6iEPn50VuR&sig=MnYgqKQP5axf5mUpJH_HyJ5WQcg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisprucodDcAhVIwFkKHRqOCDUQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=WITT-AMEEK&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=fp1JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331&dq=WITT-AMEEK&source=bl&ots=DdkwSbv77j&sig=9urGcz55IMOOKRl5y2nG1JWVjXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisprucodDcAhVIwFkKHRqOCDUQ6AEwAnoECGIQAQ#v=onepage&q=WITT-AMEEK&f=false

https://www.jstor.org/stable/982971?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://archive.org/details/jstor-982971

https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofnant00brin

3 - American Language Reprints, "A Vocabulary of the Nanticoke Dialect"

https://books.google.com/books?id=nfDjPIRmR4QC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=WITT-AMEEK&source=bl&ots=4xchPAxRbW&sig=vezpLSHfNChF4WuXKqrpPnWp6g8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisprucodDcAhVIwFkKHRqOCDUQ6AEwAXoECGMQAQ#v=onepage&q=WITT-AMEEK&f=false

## Raccoon in Nanticoke and other Algonquian languages

1643 Massachusett (Thanksgiving Indian Language)
raccoon-s AU^SUP-PA/NNOG 1643, p. 103

1600s Powhatan (Jamestown Indian Language)
raccoon ARATHKONE, RAHAUGHCUM, AROUGHCUN, RAUGROUGHCUM, AROCOUNE, RAROWCUN

1792 Nanticoke ("Second Thomas Jefferson Indian Language")
(Or "Maryland Indian Language")
raccoon \ ANASUP
LEN ESPANNI (Lenape, Delaware)
NJ NAHANUUN (New Jersey Delaware)

Modern Ojibwe, Nichols Dictionary
a raccoon
[Procyon lotor]
esiban sg; esibanag pl; esibanens dim; esibanish pej; Stem: /esiban-/
https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/esiban-na

(Hewson 1993) Proto-Algonquian
eᐧhsepana
raccoon
Fox eᐧsepana quarter-dollar, raccoon
Menominee ɛᐧhsepan raccoon
Ojibwe eᐧssipan raccoon
https://protoalgonquian.atlas-ling.ca/#!/results

( The Powhatan might not be cognate with this.  Usually matching cognates in these languages match very well, it's fairly straight-forward. )

Passamaquoddy Dictionary is down.
Needs to be in a downloadable PDF version based on simple ASCII text from notepad documents.  Trying to make history, here.
http://pmportal.org/welcome-passamaquoddy-maliseet-language-portal